What do you know about capsaicin / menthol / methyl salicylate?

Capsaicin vs lidocaine for nerve pain are compounds commonly used in topical pain relievers for their analgesic (pain-relieving) and counterirritant effects. Each one has a unique mechanism of action that contributes to reducing discomfort, particularly in muscle and joint pain relief products.

1. Capsaicin

• Source: Derived from chili peppers, capsaicin is the compound responsible for their spiciness.
• Mechanism: It works by binding to the TRPV1 receptors on nerve endings, which respond to heat and pain. This initially triggers a burning or warm sensation, but over time, it depletes a chemical called substance P from nerve cells. Substance P is involved in transmitting pain signals, so by reducing it, capsaicin decreases the sensation of pain.
• Uses: Primarily used for neuropathic pain, arthritis, and muscle pain. It’s available in creams, gels, and patches, with concentrations ranging from 0.025% to 0.1% for over-the-counter products.

2. Menthol

• Mechanism: Menthol binds to the TRPM8 receptor on sensory nerves, which causes a cooling sensation. This distracts the brain from pain signals, providing a mild numbing effect and relieving discomfort.
• Uses: Commonly found in topical creams and ointments for minor aches, muscle pain, and respiratory issues (as in nasal rubs). It also often acts as a penetration enhancer, helping other active ingredients absorb into the skin.

3. Methyl Salicylate

• Source: Found naturally in wintergreen oil and birch, methyl salicylate is a type of salicylate (similar to aspirin).
• Mechanism: As a counterirritant, it creates a warming sensation that helps mask the perception of pain. Methyl salicylate also has anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation and pain locally.
• Uses: Used for muscle soreness, joint pain, and strains.

Combined Effect

Capsaicin vs lidocaine for nerve pain are often combined in topical formulations to offer layered pain relief. For example, menthol may initially provide a cooling sensation, followed by the longer-lasting warmth of capsaicin or methyl salicylate. Together, they reduce pain perception and relieve muscle and joint discomfort.